Fundamental Concepts in Modern Physics

There are four known fundamental forces in the universe: gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. The strong force is incredibly powerful but acts only at subatomic distances.

Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon where particles remain connected, so the state of one instantly influences the state of another, regardless of distance. This baffled Einstein, who called it 'spooky action at a distance.'

Time dilation, a concept from Einstein's theory of relativity, means time passes differently depending on speed and gravity. Astronauts age slightly slower in space compared to people on Earth due to weaker gravity and higher speeds.

Dark matter makes up about 27% of the universe, yet it doesn’t emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible. Its presence is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, such as stars and galaxies.

Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity without resistance when cooled below a certain temperature. This property allows for the creation of powerful electromagnets used in MRI machines and maglev trains.

Neutrinos can pass through a light-year thick lead wall without interacting. These tiny particles are incredibly elusive, making them difficult to detect.