Origins of Circumcision
Circumcision dates back to ancient civilizations. Initially practiced among Egyptians for cleanliness, it holds religious significance in Judaism, Islam, and some African cultures.
Covenant of Abraham
In Judaism, circumcision symbolizes the covenant between God and Abraham. It is performed on the eighth day after birth, as documented in the Torah.
Medicalization in the 1800s
During the late 19th century, circumcision became medicalized in English-speaking countries, erroneously believed to prevent diseases like epilepsy, paralysis, and tuberculosis.
Declining American Rates
After peaking around 90% in the 1960s, U.S. circumcision rates have declined due to changing medical opinions and ethical debates around infant consent.
Global Practices Vary
Worldwide circumcision rates vary widely. In many Asian and European countries, the procedure is uncommon, while in parts of Africa and the Middle East, rates exceed 80%.
Controversies and Debates
Modern debates focus on medical necessity, ethical considerations of consent, and potential violation of bodily integrity versus cultural and religious rights.
Circumcision and HIV
Research in the 21st century suggests that circumcision can reduce the risk of heterosexual HIV transmission in men, influencing public health policies in some countries.
Ancient Cure for Epilepsy
In the 19th century, circumcision was falsely believed to cure epilepsy, a surprising mix of medical and cultural misconceptions.