What is Statistics?
Statistics is a mathematical body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data. It provides a way to empirically quantify uncertainty through the use of data and models.
Descriptive vs Inferential
Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the features of a dataset. Inferential statistics use a random sample of data taken from a population to describe and make inferences about the population.
Probability Theory Basics
Understanding statistics requires basic knowledge of probability, which measures the likelihood that an event will occur. Probability is foundational to inferential statistics and hypothesis testing.
Hypothesis Testing Insights
Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It’s most commonly used for deducing properties about a population from a sample.
The P-Value Controversy
The p-value measures the evidence against a null hypothesis. However, misinterpretations lead to the 'replication crisis' in science, prompting a re-evaluation of its use in statistical significance.
Regression Analysis Explained
Regression analysis estimates relationships between variables. It's a powerful tool for modeling and analyzing several variables when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
Bayesian Statistics
Bayesian statistics is an approach that interprets probability as a measure of belief or certainty rather than frequency. This framework is particularly powerful for updating beliefs as more evidence or information becomes available.