The Peak Era of Imperialism and Its Global Impact

The zenith of imperialism, typically identified as the period between 1870 and 1914, saw European powers aggressively expanding their territories, spurred by industrialization, nationalism, and the quest for resources.

The 1884 Berlin Conference, void of African representation, carved the continent into colonies. By 1914, European powers controlled 90% of Africa, up from 10% in 1870, disregarding indigenous cultures and political structures.

Imperialism was not exclusive to Africa. Britain dominated India, the 'jewel in the crown,' while France controlled Indochina. The Dutch expanded in Indonesia, and the U.S. seized the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.

Colonies were exploited for raw materials and as markets for European goods. Cash crops replaced subsistence agriculture, causing famines. Indigenous industries were destroyed, leaving economies dependent on imperial powers.

The justifications for imperialism were cloaked in Social Darwinism and the 'civilizing mission,' claiming moral duty to uplift 'lesser' societies. Such ideologies often masked economic motives and fostered racial hierarchies.

Colonial rule sparked resistance. The Mahdist Revolt in Sudan, India's Sepoy Mutiny, and the Boxer Rebellion in China were significant uprisings. These movements laid groundwork for later independence struggles post-World War II.

The consequences of imperialism are enduring, from arbitrary borders sparking conflicts, to economic dependency and cultural erosion. The colonial experience has profoundly shaped global demographics, politics, and identities.