The Evolution of Surnames

Surnames were initially adopted to distinguish between individuals with the same first name. They often referenced occupation, location, patronage, or personal characteristics.

A common method for creating surnames was using the father's name, like the 'son' in Johnson, indicating 'John's son.' This practice was widespread in Nordic countries.

Surnames like Smith, Baker, and Miller reflect ancestral occupations. These remain common due to the historical prevalence of these trades.

Geographical features heavily influenced surnames. For example, people living by a hill might acquire the surname Hill. This practice dates back to medieval Europe.

In some cultures, surnames were often exclusive to nobility initially. Commoners might not have had surnames until required by law for administrative purposes.

England's 1538 and France's 1474 edicts mandated the use of surnames for legal identification, propelling the standardization of surnames in Europe.