Introduction to Photovoltaic Cells

A photovoltaic cell converts sunlight into electricity. Made from semiconductors, often silicon, these cells form the basic unit of solar panels.

When photons hit a photovoltaic cell, they knock electrons free from atoms. Conductors attached to the positive and negative sides create an electrical circuit.

Semiconductors like silicon are key. Doped with impurities, they create a p-n junction, crucial for separating electric charges and generating current.

Most cells convert 15-20% of sunlight to electricity. Factors like temperature, angle of light, and spectral range affect efficiency.

Bifacial cells capture sunlight from both sides, increasing efficiency. Perovskite cells, an emerging technology, promise higher efficiency at lower costs.

NASA has experimented with photovoltaic cells to beam solar power from space to Earth, potentially providing continuous solar energy.