Introduction to Transformer Losses

Transformers are highly efficient, yet they experience losses primarily due to resistive heating, core losses, and leaking magnetic fields. Understanding these can lead to improved transformer design and operation.

Core losses, also known as iron losses, occur in the transformer's magnetic core. These include hysteresis and eddy current losses, both inherent to the alternating current process and material properties of the core.

Hysteresis loss results from the lag between the change in the magnetic field strength and the subsequent magnetization of the core. It's proportional to the frequency and area of the hysteresis loop.

Eddy currents are loops of electric current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field. Laminating the core or using high resistance materials mitigates these losses by disrupting the current paths.

Current flowing through the transformer's windings generates heat due to resistance. This 'copper loss' is proportional to the square of the current, making it significant under high-load conditions.

Stray losses are caused by leakage in the magnetic field that leads to unintended induction in nearby conductive objects. These losses are often overlooked in design but can impact efficiency.

Optimizing core design, using grain-oriented steel, improving winding techniques, and proper transformer maintenance can significantly reduce losses, enhancing performance and extending lifespan.