Introduction to Geology

Geology explores Earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes acting on it. It uncovers the story of our planet's past.

Rocks transform between three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. This endless cycle is driven by Earth's internal heat and surface weathering.

Igneous rocks form from cooled magma or lava. Intrusive igneous rocks, like granite, cool slowly underground, while extrusive rocks, like basalt, cool quickly on the surface.

Sedimentary rocks form from accumulated sediment layers, often in water. Over millions of years, pressure and minerals bind the grains into rock, like sandstone.

Metamorphic rocks arise from transformation under extreme pressure and heat. The process, metamorphism, alters the mineral composition without melting the rock, creating forms like marble.

Plate tectonics shape rock formation and location. Colliding plates can push sedimentary layers upward, forming mountain ranges with varied rock types.

Kimberlite, a volcanic rock, is rarely found but famously carries diamonds to the surface from Earth's mantle, providing a glimpse into deep Earth processes.