Evolution of Wireless Security Protocols

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is susceptible to multiple security breaches. Notably, its 24-bit Initialization Vector (IV) is too short, leading to repeated keys and enabling attacks such as Key Reuse Attacks.

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) improved security with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP). However, TKIP's own vulnerabilities, like weak Message Integrity Checks, can be exploited through bit-flipping attacks.

WPA2 introduced Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to overcome WPA's deficiencies. Despite this, WPA2 is vulnerable to attacks like Hole196, which exploits Group Temporal Key (GTK) to intercept traffic.

Key Reinstallation Attacks (KRACK) target the WPA2 protocol's handshake process, forcing nonce reuse, thus decrypting packets and breaching privacy. Patches are essential for protection.

WPA3 provides stronger user data protection, even with weak passwords, through Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE), resistant to offline dictionary attacks unlike its predecessors.

Radius server exploits can compromise wireless security. Attackers leveraging protocol weaknesses, such as lack of mutual authentication, can impersonate legitimate servers, leading to credential theft.

Client devices often retain old network profiles which attackers exploit by setting up rogue access points with same SSIDs, enabling unauthorized access to devices.