Exploring the Brain's Inner Workings: Neurons, Glia, and Neuroplasticity

Neurons are the brain's communicators, transmitting information via electrical and chemical signals. Surprisingly, the human brain contains approximately 100 billion neurons, similar to the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy.

Glia outnumber neurons in the brain. These cells provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, and form myelin. Recent studies suggest glia also communicate, challenging the neuron's sole claim to signal transmission.

Synaptic plasticity is the brain's ability to strengthen or weaken synapses over time. It's crucial for learning and memory. Astonishingly, even short-term activities can alter synaptic strength, which is the basis for long-term potentiation (LTP).

The brain's electrical activity, measured by EEG, isn't just noise; it's a symphony of oscillations. These waves are categorized by frequency, with gamma waves associated with cognitive functions like attention and memory retrieval.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from pathogens. It's highly selective, allowing only specific molecules to pass. Recent discoveries show that the BBB can change during diseases, altering its permeability in unexpected ways.

Once believed impossible, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, occurs in the adult brain. This process is concentrated in the hippocampus and is vital for learning. Lifestyle factors like exercise and diet can enhance neurogenesis.

Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. Remarkably, this can occur not only in childhood but also in adulthood, influenced by experiences like learning a new language or playing an instrument.